embedding.hpp

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#pragma once
 
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
// Copyright 2026 Lloyal Labs
 
 
#include "common.hpp"
#include <common.h>  // llama.cpp common library: common_batch_clear, common_batch_add
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdint>
#include <llama/llama.h>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <vector>
 
namespace lloyal::embedding {
 
// ===== NORMALIZATION MODES =====
 
enum class Normalize : int32_t {
  None = 0, // No normalization (raw embeddings)
  L2 = 1,   // L2 normalization (unit length, required for cosine similarity)
};
 
// ===== MODEL CAPABILITY CHECKS =====
 
inline bool has_embeddings(const llama_model *model) {
  if (!model) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::has_embeddings] ERROR: model is null");
    return false;
  }
 
  int32_t n_embd = llama_model_n_embd(model);
  return n_embd > 0;
}
 
inline int32_t dimension(const llama_model *model) {
  if (!model) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::dimension] ERROR: model is null");
    return 0;
  }
 
  return llama_model_n_embd(model);
}
 
// ===== CONTEXT CAPABILITY CHECKS =====
 
inline bool has_pooling(llama_context *ctx) {
  if (!ctx) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::has_pooling] ERROR: ctx is null");
    return false;
  }
 
  return llama_pooling_type(ctx) != LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE;
}
 
inline int32_t pooling_type(llama_context *ctx) {
  if (!ctx) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::pooling_type] ERROR: ctx is null");
    return LLAMA_POOLING_TYPE_NONE;
  }
 
  return llama_pooling_type(ctx);
}
 
// ===== INTERNAL HELPERS =====
 
namespace detail {
 
inline void apply_l2_normalize(std::vector<float> &vec) {
  if (vec.empty())
    return;
 
  float norm_sq = 0.0f;
  for (float v : vec) {
    norm_sq += v * v;
  }
 
  float norm = std::sqrt(norm_sq);
  if (norm > 1e-8f) { // Avoid division by zero
    for (float &v : vec) {
      v /= norm;
    }
  } else {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG(
        "[embedding::detail::apply_l2_normalize] WARNING: near-zero norm");
  }
}
 
} // namespace detail
 
// ===== RAII GUARD FOR BATCH CLEANUP =====
 
namespace detail {
struct BatchGuard {
  llama_batch &batch;
  explicit BatchGuard(llama_batch &b) : batch(b) {}
  ~BatchGuard() { llama_batch_free(batch); }
};
} // namespace detail
 
// ===== ENCODING (FORWARD PASS FOR EMBEDDINGS) =====
 
inline void encode(llama_context *ctx, const llama_token *tokens,
                   int32_t n_tokens, int32_t n_batch) {
  LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::encode] Encoding %d tokens for embeddings",
                   n_tokens);
 
  if (!ctx) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::encode] ERROR: NULL context");
    throw std::runtime_error("embedding::encode - NULL context");
  }
 
  if (!tokens || n_tokens <= 0) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::encode] ERROR: Invalid token array");
    throw std::runtime_error("embedding::encode - Invalid token array");
  }
 
  if (n_tokens > n_batch) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::encode] ERROR: n_tokens (%d) > n_batch (%d)",
                     n_tokens, n_batch);
    throw std::runtime_error(
        "embedding::encode - token count exceeds batch size (truncation not "
        "supported, increase n_batch or reduce input length)");
  }
 
  // Initialize batch - single sequence
  llama_batch batch = llama_batch_init(n_batch, 0, 1);
  detail::BatchGuard batch_guard(batch);
 
  // Clear batch using llama.cpp common library
  common_batch_clear(batch);
 
  // Add ALL tokens with logits=true (required for embedding extraction)
  for (int32_t i = 0; i < n_tokens; ++i) {
    common_batch_add(batch, tokens[i], i, {0}, true);
  }
 
  // Decode/encode the batch (llama.cpp handles encoder vs decoder internally)
  if (llama_decode(ctx, batch) != 0) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::encode] ERROR: llama_decode failed");
    throw std::runtime_error("embedding::encode - llama_decode failed");
  }
 
  LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::encode] Encode complete");
}
 
inline void encode(llama_context *ctx, const std::vector<llama_token> &tokens,
                   int32_t n_batch) {
  encode(ctx, tokens.data(), static_cast<int32_t>(tokens.size()), n_batch);
}
 
// ===== EMBEDDING EXTRACTION =====
 
inline std::vector<float> get(llama_context *ctx,
                              Normalize normalize = Normalize::L2) {
  if (!ctx) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get] ERROR: ctx is null");
    throw std::invalid_argument("embedding::get: ctx is null");
  }
 
  // Get model to determine embedding dimension
  const llama_model *model = llama_get_model(ctx);
  if (!model) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get] ERROR: failed to get model from context");
    throw std::runtime_error("embedding::get: failed to get model");
  }
 
  // Warn if pooling not enabled (embeddings may be invalid)
  if (!has_pooling(ctx)) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG(
        "[embedding::get] WARNING: pooling not enabled, embeddings may be "
        "invalid. Create context with pooling_type != NONE");
  }
 
  // Get embeddings pointer from llama.cpp
  // For pooled embeddings, use sequence-specific API (sequence 0)
  const float *embd_ptr = nullptr;
  if (has_pooling(ctx)) {
    embd_ptr = llama_get_embeddings_seq(ctx, 0);
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get] Using llama_get_embeddings_seq for pooled "
                     "embeddings");
  } else {
    embd_ptr = llama_get_embeddings(ctx);
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get] Using llama_get_embeddings (no pooling)");
  }
 
  if (!embd_ptr) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get] ERROR: embeddings pointer is null. "
                     "Ensure context was created with embeddings=true and "
                     "tokens were encoded with logits=true for all tokens.");
    throw std::runtime_error(
        "embedding::get: embeddings unavailable (ensure embeddings=true in "
        "context params and use encode_for_embeddings())");
  }
 
  // Copy to vector
  int32_t n_embd = llama_model_n_embd(model);
  std::vector<float> embeddings(embd_ptr, embd_ptr + n_embd);
 
  // Apply normalization
  if (normalize == Normalize::L2) {
    detail::apply_l2_normalize(embeddings);
  }
 
  LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get] Extracted embeddings (dim=%d, normalize=%d)",
                   n_embd, static_cast<int>(normalize));
 
  return embeddings;
}
 
inline std::vector<float> get_seq(llama_context *ctx, llama_seq_id seq,
                                  Normalize normalize = Normalize::L2) {
  if (!ctx) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get_seq] ERROR: ctx is null");
    throw std::invalid_argument("embedding::get_seq: ctx is null");
  }
 
  const llama_model *model = llama_get_model(ctx);
  if (!model) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get_seq] ERROR: failed to get model");
    throw std::runtime_error("embedding::get_seq: failed to get model");
  }
 
  if (!has_pooling(ctx)) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get_seq] WARNING: pooling not enabled");
  }
 
  // Try sequence-specific API
  const float *embd_ptr = llama_get_embeddings_seq(ctx, seq);
 
  // Fallback to global embeddings for seq=0
  if (!embd_ptr) {
    if (seq == 0) {
      LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get_seq] Falling back to get() for seq=0");
      return get(ctx, normalize);
    }
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get_seq] ERROR: embeddings unavailable for "
                     "seq=%d",
                     seq);
    throw std::runtime_error("embedding::get_seq: embeddings unavailable");
  }
 
  int32_t n_embd = llama_model_n_embd(model);
  std::vector<float> embeddings(embd_ptr, embd_ptr + n_embd);
 
  if (normalize == Normalize::L2) {
    detail::apply_l2_normalize(embeddings);
  }
 
  LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get_seq] Extracted embeddings for seq=%d "
                   "(dim=%d)",
                   seq, n_embd);
 
  return embeddings;
}
 
inline std::vector<float> get_ith(llama_context *ctx, int32_t idx,
                                  Normalize normalize = Normalize::L2) {
  if (!ctx) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get_ith] ERROR: ctx is null");
    throw std::invalid_argument("embedding::get_ith: ctx is null");
  }
 
  const llama_model *model = llama_get_model(ctx);
  if (!model) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get_ith] ERROR: failed to get model");
    throw std::runtime_error("embedding::get_ith: failed to get model");
  }
 
  const float *embd_ptr = llama_get_embeddings_ith(ctx, idx);
  if (!embd_ptr) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get_ith] ERROR: embeddings unavailable for "
                     "idx=%d",
                     idx);
    throw std::runtime_error("embedding::get_ith: embeddings unavailable");
  }
 
  int32_t n_embd = llama_model_n_embd(model);
  std::vector<float> embeddings(embd_ptr, embd_ptr + n_embd);
 
  if (normalize == Normalize::L2) {
    detail::apply_l2_normalize(embeddings);
  }
 
  LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::get_ith] Extracted embeddings for idx=%d "
                   "(dim=%d)",
                   idx, n_embd);
 
  return embeddings;
}
 
// ===== SIMILARITY =====
 
inline float cosine_similarity(const std::vector<float> &a,
                               const std::vector<float> &b) {
  if (a.size() != b.size()) {
    LLOYAL_LOG_DEBUG("[embedding::cosine_similarity] ERROR: dimension mismatch "
                     "(%zu vs %zu)",
                     a.size(), b.size());
    throw std::invalid_argument(
        "embedding::cosine_similarity: dimension mismatch");
  }
 
  if (a.empty()) {
    return 0.0f;
  }
 
  // For L2-normalized vectors, cosine similarity = dot product
  float dot = 0.0f;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); ++i) {
    dot += a[i] * b[i];
  }
 
  return dot;
}
 
} // namespace lloyal::embedding